Efektivitas diet bebas gluten dalam menurunkan gejala dan peradangan mukosa pada celiac disease: A systematic review
DOI: https://doi.org/10.56922/quilt.v6i1.2192
Diet Bebas Gluten Penyakit Celiac Penyembuhan Mukosa Peradangan Usus Tinjauan Sistematis
Abstract
Background: Celiac disease is a chronic autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten consumption, leading to persistent intestinal inflammation, villous atrophy, and a wide range of gastrointestinal and extraintestinal symptoms. If left untreated, ongoing mucosal damage may result in malabsorption and long-term complications. A gluten-free diet (GFD) is currently the only established therapeutic approach; however, its effectiveness in alleviating clinical symptoms and promoting mucosal healing requires comprehensive evaluation.
Purpose: To systematically review scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of a gluten-free diet in reducing clinical symptoms and intestinal mucosal inflammation in patients with celiac disease.
Method: This was a systematic literature review conducted based on the PRISMA guidelines. A literature search was conducted through PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases using keywords related to celiac disease and gluten-free diets for the period 2019–2025.
Results: Ten articles met the inclusion criteria. The study results showed that adherence to a gluten-free diet was associated with a significant reduction in gastrointestinal symptoms, a decrease in serological inflammatory markers, and histopathological improvement in the intestinal mucosa, including villous regeneration and decreased intraepithelial lymphocyte infiltration.
Conclusion: A gluten-free diet is an effective primary intervention in controlling celiac disease activity, characterized by a reduction in clinical symptoms, improvement in inflammatory markers, and restoration of the intestinal mucosa..
Keywords: Celiac Disease; Gluten-Free Diet; Intestinal Inflammation; Mucosal Healing; Systematic Review.
Pendahuluan: Penyakit celiac adalah gangguan autoimun kronis yang dipicu oleh konsumsi gluten yang menyebabkan peradangan usus yang terus-menerus, atrofi vili, dan berbagai gejala gastrointestinal dan ekstra gastrointestinal. Apabila tidak diobati, kerusakan mukosa yang berkelanjutan dapat mengakibatkan malabsorpsi dan komplikasi jangka panjang. Gluten-Free Diet (GFD) saat ini merupakan satu-satunya pendekatan terapeutik yang telah terbukti; namun efektivitasnya dalam mengurangi gejala klinis dan mendorong penyembuhan mukosa memerlukan evaluasi komprehensif.
Tujuan: Untuk meninjau dan mensintesis bukti ilmiah mengenai efektivitas diet bebas gluten dalam menurunkan gejala klinis dan peradangan mukosa usus pada pasien dengan celiac disease melalui pendekatan systematic literature review.
Metode: Penelitian systematic literature review yang disusun berdasarkan pedoman PRISMA. Pencarian literatur dilakukan melalui basis data PubMed, Scopus, dan Web of Science menggunakan kata kunci terkait celiac disease dan gluten-free diet pada periode 2019–2025.
Hasil: Sebanyak 10 artikel memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa kepatuhan terhadap diet bebas gluten berhubungan dengan penurunan signifikan gejala gastrointestinal, penurunan marker inflamasi serologis, serta perbaikan histopatologi mukosa usus berupa regenerasi vili dan penurunan infiltrasi limfosit intraepitel.
Simpulan: Diet bebas gluten merupakan intervensi utama yang efektif dalam mengendalikan aktivitas penyakit celiac, ditandai dengan penurunan gejala klinis, perbaikan marker inflamasi, serta pemulihan mukosa usus.
Kata Kunci: Diet Bebas Gluten; Penyakit Celiac; Penyembuhan Mukosa; Peradangan Usus; Tinjauan Sistematis
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