Faktor risiko kebersihan makanan dan sanitasi rumah tangga terhadap kejadian demam tifoid
DOI: https://doi.org/10.56922/quilt.v6i1.2160
Demam Tifoid Faktor Resiko Kebersihan Makanan Sanitasi Rumah Tangga
Abstract
Background: Food hygiene and household sanitation practices have a significant impact on the spread of typhoid fever, which remains a major public health problem in low- and middle-income countries. Evidence from four studies examining risk factors for typhoid fever related to food and household sanitation is summarized in this synthesis.
Purpose: To examine the impact of household sanitation conditions and food hygiene practices on the prevalence of typhoid fever, offering evidence that can guide community initiatives and policy improvements.
Method: A systematic review was conducted to examine the results of cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control studies. Key factors for typhoid transmission were identified by extracting reported associations, such as odds ratios (ORs), adjusted odds ratios (aORs), and risk ratios (RRs).
Results: Several studies have shown that consuming raw, unwashed vegetables, food from street vendors, and street food are all strongly associated with an increased risk of contracting typhoid. This increased risk is also associated with access to hazardous drinking water, poor sanitation facilities, and household water treatment has been found to have a protective effect.
Conclusion: Consistent evidence from several study designs suggests that food hygiene, water safety, and household sanitation play a significant role in the spread of typhoid fever.
Keywords: Typhoid Fever; Risk Factors; Food Hygiene; Household Sanitation.
Pendahuluan: Praktik higiene makanan dan sanitasi rumah memiliki dampak besar terhadap penyebaran demam tifoid yang masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat utama di negara-negara berpenghasilan rendah dan menengah. Bukti dari empat penelitian yang mengkaji faktor risiko demam tifoid terkait makanan dan sanitasi rumah tangga dirangkum dalam sintesis ini.
Tujuan: Untuk mengkaji dampak kondisi sanitasi rumah tangga dan praktik higiene makanan terhadap prevalensi demam tifoid dengan menawarkan bukti yang dapat memandu inisiatif masyarakat dan peningkatan kebijakan.
Metode: Penelitian dengan pendekatan systematic review dilakukan untuk mengkaji hasil dari studi potong lintang, kohort, dan kasus-kontrol. Faktor-faktor kunci penularan tifoid diidentifikasi dengan mengekstraksi asosiasi yang dilaporkan, seperti rasio peluang (OR), rasio peluang yang disesuaikan (aOR), dan rasio risiko (RR).
Hasil: Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mengonsumsi sayuran mentah yang tidak dicuci, makanan dari pedagang kaki lima, dan makanan jajanan semuanya sangat terkait dengan peningkatan risiko tertular tifoid. Peningkatan risiko juga dikaitkan dengan akses air minum yang berbahaya, fasilitas sanitasi yang buruk serta pengolahan air rumah tangga ditemukan memiliki efek perlindungan.
Simpulan: Terdapat bukti konsisten dari beberapa desain studi yang menunjukkan bahwa higiene makanan, keamanan air, dan sanitasi rumah tangga berperan penting dalam penyebaran demam tifoid.
Kata Kunci: Demam Tifoid; Faktor Resiko; Kebersihan Makanan; Sanitasi Rumah Tangga.
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