Analisis risiko kesehatan akibat paparan polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) pada sistem perairan: Literatur review
DOI: https://doi.org/10.56922/quilt.v6i3.2041
Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Bioakumulasi Pencemaran Air Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) Sistem Perairan
Abstract
Background: Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) are Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) that continue to be detected in aquatic environments despite their global ban. Their persistent and lipophilic characteristics lead to accumulation in sediments and biota, thereby increasing human exposure risks, particularly through fish consumption.
Purpose: To identify knowledge gaps and provide recommendations for enhancing environmental management policies and mitigeting health risks due to PCBs exposure.
Method: This study is a systematic literature review of articles published between 2015 and 2025 retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Wiley, SpringerLink, and Google Scholar. A total of 95 articles were found, and 13 of them passed the selection based on relevance, methodological quality, and the availibility of PBCs concentration data for risk analysis.
Results: PCBs concentrations in surface water ranged from 0.01-5.2 µg/L, in sediments from 40-800 ng/g, and in groundwater from 0.003-0.12 µg/L. Major sources of contamination included transformer oil leakage, electronic and metallurgical industrial waste, sediment remobilization, and open waste burning. The highest health risks were associated with fish consumption, with several locations showing Hazard Quotients (HQ) >1 and Cancer Risk (CR) values between CR 10-5-10-3, exceeding international safety limits.
Conclusion: PSBs remain a global health threat, necessiting strengthened monitoring, pollution source control, and evidence-based exposure risks.
Keyword: Aquatic Systems; Bioaccumulation; Health Risk Assessment; Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs); Water Pollution.
Pendahuluan: Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) merupakan Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) yang tetap terdeteksi di lingkungan perairan meskipun telah dilarang secara global. Sifatnya yang persisten dan lipofilik menyebabkan akumulasi pada sedimen dan biota, sehingga meningkatkan risiko paparan bagi manusia melalui konsumsi ikan.
Tujuan: Untuk mengidentifikasi kesenjangan pengetahuan dan memberikan rekomendasi bagi peningkatan kebijakan pengelolaan lingkungan dan mitigasi risiko kesehatan akibat paparan PCBs.
Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan literature review sistematis terhadap artikel tahun 2015-2025 yang diambil dari PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Wiley, SpringerLink, dan Google Scholar. Sebanyak 95 artikel yang ditemukan dan 13 diantaranya lolos seleksi berdasarkan relevansi, kualitas metodologi, dan ketersediaan data konsentrasi PCBs untuk analisis risiko.
Hasil: Konsentrasi PCBs pada air permukaan tercatat 0.01-5.2 µg/L, sedimen 40-800 ng/g, dan air tanah 0.003-0.12 µg/L. Sumber pencemar utama meliputi kebocoran minyak transformator, limbah industri elektronik/metalurgi, remobilisasi sedimen, dan pembakaran sampah. Risiko kesehatan tertinggi berasal dari konsumsi ikan, dengan beberapa lokasi menunjukkan HQ >1 dan nilai Cancer Risk (CR) 10-5-10-3, melebihi batas aman internasional.
Simpulan: PCBs masih menjadi ancaman kesehatan global, sehingga diperlukan penguatan monitoring, pengendalian sumber pencemar, dan kebijakan mitigasi berbasis bukti untuk menurunkan risiko paparan masyarakat.
Kata Kunci: Analisis Risiko Kesehatan; Bioakumulasi; Pencemaran Air; Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB); Sistem Perairan.
Downloads
References
Ahmed, M. N., Sinha, S. N., Vemula, S. R., Sivaperumal, P., Vasudev, K., Ashu, S., Mendu, V. V. R., & Bhatnagar, V. (2016). Accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls in fish and assessment of dietary exposure: a study in Hyderabad City, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188(2), 1–11.
Alava, J. J., Cisneros-Montemayor, A. M., Sumaila, U. R., & Cheung, W. W. L. (2018). Projected amplification of food web bioaccumulation of MeHg and PCBs under climate change in the Northeastern Pacific. Scientific Reports 2018 8:1, 8(1), 13460.
ATSDR. (2023). Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Toxicity: What Is the Biologic Fate of PCBs in Humans? | Environmental Medicine | ATSDR. Retrieved December 9, 2025, Diakses dari: https://archive.cdc.gov/www_atsdr_cdc_gov/csem/polychlorinated-biphenyls/biologic_fate.html
Burd, B. J., Lowe, C. J., & Morales-Caselles, C. (2022). Uptake of PCBs into sediment dwellers and trophic transfer in relation to sediment conditions in the Salish Sea. Https://Doi.Org/10.1139/Facets-2021-0032, 7, 936–965.
Cui, X., Dong, J., Huang, Z., Liu, C., Qiao, X., Wang, X., Zhao, X., Zheng, B., & Shen, J. (2020). Polychlorinated biphenyls in the drinking water source of the Yangtze River: characteristics and risk assessment. Environmental Sciences Europe 2020 32:1, 32(1), 29.
Ediagbonya, T. F., Olaniyan, O. I., Orisawayi, A. O., Oziegbe, F. E., & Warekromor, H. T. (2025). Risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in surface and groundwater in three states in Nigeria. Water Practice and Technology, 20(7), 1557–1574.
Iniaghe, P. O., & Kpomah, E. D. (2022). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in water and sediments from the Udu River, Niger Delta, Nigeria: concentration, distribution and risk assessment. J Environ Expo Assess 2022;1:20., 1(4).
Li, Y., Huang, Y., Zhang, Y., Du, W., Zhang, S., He, T., Li, Y., Chen, Y., Ding, F., Huang, L., Xia, H., Meng, W., Liu, M., & Tao, S. (2023). Temporal and spatial variations in atmospheric unintentional PCB emissions in Chinese mainland from 1960 to 2019. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 23(2), 1091–1101.
Ling, J., Yan, Z., Liu, X., Men, S., Wei, C., Wang, Z., & Zheng, X. (2024). Health risk assessment and development of human health ambient water quality criteria for PCBs in Taihu Basin, China. Science of The Total Environment, 920, 170669.
Matturro, B., Ubaldi, C., & Rossetti, S. (2016). Microbiome dynamics of a polychlorobiphenyl (PCB) historically contaminated marine sediment under conditions promoting reductive dechlorination. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7(SEP), 222452.
Mikolajczyk, S., Warenik-Bany, M., Maszewski, S., & Pajurek, M. (2020). Dioxins and PCBs – Environment impact on freshwater fish contamination and risk to consumers. Environmental Pollution, 263, 114611.
Mwaijibe, G. J. G., & Kilima, B. M. (2023). Dietary exposure and risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls to artisanal fishermen and fish vendors: A case study of Dar es Salaam. JSFA Reports, 3(6), 282–289.
Shi, J., Huang, L., Sanganyado, E., Mo, J., Zhao, H., Xiang, L., Wong, M. H., & Liu, W. (2022). Spatial distribution and ecological risks of polychlorinated biphenyls in a river basin affected by traditional and emerging electronic waste recycling in South China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 243.
UNEP. (2015). PCBs - a forgotten legacy? | UNEP - UN Environment Programme. 2015. United Nations Environment Programme. (2015). PCBs: A forgotten legacy? Retrieved December 9, 2025, diakses dari: https://www.unep.org/topics/pollution-and-health/persistent-organic-pollutants-pops/pcbs-forgotten-legacy
Zhang, Y., Wang, C., & Du, L. (2021). Distribution, Source and Potential Risk Assessment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Sediments from the Liaohe River Protected Area, China. Sustainability 2021, Vol. 13, Page 10750, 13(19), 10750
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Ni Putu Citra Wulandari, Disny Prajnawita
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
