Gambaran sikap masyarakat terhadap protokol kegawatdaruratan erupsi Gunung Merapi (fenomenologi)

Abstract

Background: The eruption of Mount Merapi is a volcanic disaster that significantly impacts the safety of communities in disaster-prone areas. High casualty figures indicate a lack of public understanding regarding the threats and risks associated with volcanic eruptions. It is crucial to minimize disaster impacts by enhancing community capacity to reduce volcanic disaster risks. Adherence to emergency response protocols is influenced by community attitudes, trust in authorities, and local cultural values.

Purpose: To provide an overview of community attitudes toward emergency response protocols for Mount Merapi eruptions.

Method: This activity employed an observational, health-promotion-oriented design to gain a phenomenological perspective on the lived experiences and attitudes of the community regarding Mount Merapi eruption emergencies. The activity was conducted in Kalitengah Lor Hamlet, Glagaharjo Village, Cangkringan District, Sleman Regency. The subjects were seven residents of Kalitengah Lor Hamlet, comprising community leaders, village officials, and volunteers from the Disaster Risk Reduction Forum (FPRB). Data collection involved structured and semi-structured in-depth interviews using an interview guide, as well as field observations of evacuation facilities and resident preparedness. Data analysis was conducted through interactive discussions, and findings are presented using a qualitative descriptive approach focusing on the community's phenomenological perspective regarding the role, understanding, and implementation of emergency protocols.

Results: The results indicate that experiences from previous major eruptions led most informants to adopt highly positive and cooperative attitudes toward emergency protocols. The guidelines within the protocols improved understanding and facilitated the implementation of emergency measures. Decision-making did not rely solely on formal government instructions (from the BPBD); it was also influenced by adherence to local figures, such as the village head (*Lurah*) or traditional leaders.

Conclusion: The understanding and attitudes of the Kalitengah Lor hamlet community regarding emergency protocols for Mount Merapi eruptions generally reflect a highly positive, compliant, and adaptive response. The successful implementation of these measures was driven by empirical experience from past disasters, the functionality of early warning systems and the use of digital media by volunteers, and the legitimizing support of local leaders in mobilizing the community.

Keywords: Disaster preparedness; Emergency response protocols; Mount Merapi eruption; Phenomenology

Pendahuluan: Erupsi Gunung Merapi merupakan bencana vulkanik yang berdampak besar terhadap keselamatan masyarakat di kawasan rawan bencana. Banyaknya korban jiwa mengindikasikan bahwa kurangnya pemahaman masyarakat dalam menghadapi ancaman dan risiko bencana Gunung api. Pentingnya tindakan untuk meminimalisir dampak akibat bencana dengan meningkatkan kapasitas masyarakat dalam mengurangi risiko bencana Gunung api. Kepatuhan penerapan protokol tanggap darurat dipengaruhi oleh sikap masyarakat, kepercayaan terhadap otoritas, serta nilai budaya lokal.

Tujuan: Untuk memberikan gambaran sikap masyarakat terhadap protokol tanggap darurat erupsi Gunung Merapi.

Metode: Kegiatan ini merupakan studi observasi promotif desain untuk mendapatkan gambaran fenomenologi tentang pengalaman hidup dan sikap masyarakat terhadap kegawatdaruratan erupsi Gunung Merapi. Kegiatan dilaksanakan di Dusun Kalitengah Lor, Desa Glagaharjo, Kecamatan Cangkringan, Kabupaten Sleman. Subjek dalam kegiatan ini adalah 7 warga masyarakat Dusun Kalitengah Lor yang merupakan tokoh masyarakat, aparatur desa, dan relawan Forum Pengurangan Risiko Bencana (FPRB). Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara mendalam (in-depth interview) terstruktur dan semi-terstruktur menggunakan panduan wawancara (interview guide), observasi lapangan untuk mengamati fasilitas evakuasi dan aspek kesiapsiagaan warga.  Analisis data dilakukan melalui diskusi interaktif dan disajikan secara deskriptif kualitatif tentang fenomenologi masyarakat terhadap peran protokol kegawatdaruratan dengan pemahaman dan penerapannya.

Hasil: Menunjukkan bahwa pengalaman dari kejadian sebelumnya erupsi besar menjadikan sebagian besar informan menunjukkan sikap yang sangat positif dan kooperatif terhadap protokol kegawatdaruratan. Petunjuk dalam protokol memberikan peningkatan pemahaman dan memudahkan terkait penerapan kegawatdaruratan. Pengambilan keputusan tidak hanya bersandar pada instruksi formal pemerintah (BPBD), melainkan juga dipengaruhi oleh kepatuhan kepada tokoh lokal (Lurah atau ketua adat).

Simpulan: Pemahaman dan sikap masyarakat Dusun Kalitengah Lor terhadap protokol kegawatdaruratan erupsi Gunung Merapi secara umum menunjukkan respons yang sangat positif, patuh, dan adaptif. Keberhasilan implementasi ini didorong oleh pengalaman empiris bencana masa lalu, fungsionalitas sistem peringatan dini dan penggunaan media digital dari relawan serta dukungan legitimasi kepemimpinan tokoh lokal (Lurah/Dukuh) dalam menggerakkan massa.