The indoor air quality and the occurrence of sick building syndrome among employees in the central surgery building of hospital X, Bandung
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33024/minh.v7i12.663
ACH Bacteria Fungi Humidity SBS Temperature
Abstract
Background: The prevalence of SBS (Sick Building Syndrome) among employees working in hospitals ranges from 21% to 80%, which is higher compared to other places. SBS has become an issue due to poor indoor air quality, including at Hospital X in Bandung.
Purpose: To analyze the relationship between indoor air quality and the incidence of Sick Building Syndrome among workers in the Central Surgery Building of Hospital X, Bandung.
Method: An analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design. The study population consisted of 105 permanent employees of the Central Surgery Unit. A sample of 91 workers was selected using random sampling. Inclusion criteria were permanent employment and working >7 hours a day, while exclusion criteria included employees on leave, sick, or unavailable. Data were collected through observation using instruments such as a thermohygrometer to measure temperature and humidity, a lux meter for lighting, a sound level meter for noise, and an anemometer for ACH (Air Changes per Hour), following the standards of the Ministry of Health Regulation No. 2 of 2023. Additionally, interviews were conducted using a questionnaire containing questions about SBS symptoms to gather data on the occurrence of SBS. Data analysis used Chi-square and logistic regression at a 95% confidence level and an alpha of 0.05.
Results: The study results indicated that the indoor air quality did not meet the required standards: temperature (77.3%), humidity (86.4%), lighting (63.6%), noise (0%), bacterial count (63.3%), fungal count (77.3%), and ACH (63.3%). There was a significant relationship between temperature, humidity, and ACH with the occurrence of SBS (p=0.001; p=0.003; p=0.031). However, there was no significant relationship between lighting, bacterial count, and fungal count with SBS (p=0.181; p=0.264, p=0.066).
Conclusion: Temperature, humidity, and ACH are variables that are associated with the occurrence of SBS.
Downloads
References
Alang, H., Kusnadi, J., Ardyati, T., & Suharjono, S. (2020). Potensi Staphylococcus Hominis K1a Dari Susu Kerbau Belang Toraja Sulawesi Selatan Sebagai Kandidat Probiotik. Bioma: Jurnal Biologi Makassar, 5(1), 18-26.
Akova, İ., Kiliç, E., Sümer, H., & Keklikçi, T. (2022). Prevalence of sick building syndrome in hospital staff and its relationship with indoor environmental quality. International journal of environmental health research, 32(6), 1204-1219.
Arikan, İ., Tekin, Ö. F., & Erbas, O. (2018). Relationship between sick buildıng syndrome and indoor air quality among hospital staff. La Medicina del lavoro, 109(6), 435.
Aryadni, E., Juanda, J., & Santoso, I. (2018). Faktor Fisik dan Biologi dengan Keluhan Sick Building Syndrome. Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan: Jurnal dan Aplikasi Teknik Kesehatan Lingkungan, 15(2), 673-678.
Bardi, N. K., Fachrin, S. A., & Tussaadah, N. (2021). Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Keluhan Sick Building Syndrome Pegawai PLN UIW Sulselrabar Kota Makassar. Window of Public Health Journal, 2(2), 272-280.
Chang, C. J., Yang, H. H., Wang, Y. F., & Li, M. S. (2015). Prevalence of sick building syndrome-related symptoms among hospital workers in confined and open working spaces. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 15(6), 2378-2384.
Darliana, I., & Wilujeng, S. (2020). Isolasi dan Karakterisasi Jamur Indigenous dan Potensinya untuk Biodelignifikasi. Jurnal Agrotek Indonesia, 5(2), 1-6.
DiNardi, S. R. (2003). The occupational environment: its evaluation, control, and management (Vol. 111, pp. 18-27). Fairfax: AIHA Press (American Industrial Hygiene Association).
Drastyana, S. F., Ambag, S. C., Ningrum, L. D. W., & Wijayanti, D. (2024). The Impact of Sick Building Syndrome and Physical Air Quality on Staff Productivity in the Hospital's Outpatient Room of Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Haji Indonesia. Journal of Environmental Health, 16(2).
Joshi, S. M. (2008). The sick building syndrome. Indian journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 12(2), 61-64.
Kalender-Smajlović, S., Kukec, A., & Dovjak, M. (2022). The problem of indoor environmental quality at a general Slovenian hospital and its contribution to sick building syndrome. Building and Environment, 214, 108908.
Karlina, P. M., Maharani, R., & Utari, D. (2021). Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Gejala Sick Building Syndrome (SBS). Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Masyarakat: Media Komunikasi Komunitas Kesehatan Masyarakat, 13(1), 46-55.
Krismondani, R. D., Chairani, A., & Nugrohowati, N. (2021). Hubungan Faktor Individu dan Lingkungan terhadap Gejala Sick Building Syndrome pada Staf Tendik di FK UPN Veteran Jakarta. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 5(1), 168-180.
Larasati, D. N., & Wahyuningsih, A. S. (2023). Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Gejala Sick Building Syndrome. Indonesian Journal of Public Health and Nutrition, 3(2), 159-168.
Mawarni, F. M., Lestari, M., Windusari, Y., Andarini, D., Camelia, A., Nandini, R. F., & Fujianti, P. (2021). Keluhan Sick Building Syndrome di Gedung PT. X. Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Indonesia, 20(1), 39-46.
Ministry of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia. (2020). Rencana Strategis Direktorat Pengendalian Pencamaran Udara Tahun 2020-2024. Dirjen Pengendalian Pencemaran dan Kerusakan Lingkungan Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan. Accessed from: https://ppkl.menlhk.go.id/website/filebox/952/210318181055RENSTRA%202020%20-%202024%20DIT%20PPU.pdf
Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. (2021). Manajemen Pengendalian Pencemaran Udara Ruangan. Litbangkes Pangandaran. Accessed from: https://labkesmaspangandaran.id/manajemen-pengendalian-pencemaran-udara-ruangan/
Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. (2023). Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 2 Tahun 2023 Tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 66 Tahun 2014 Tentang Kesehatan Lingkungan. Accessed from: https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/301587/Permenkes%20Nomor%202%20Tahun%202023.pdf
Murniati, N. (2018). Hubungan Suhu dan Kelembaban dengan Keluhan Sick Building Syndrome pada Petugas Administrasi Rumah Sakit Swasta X. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, 7(3), 148-154.
Putra, I., Ikhtiar, M., & Emelda, A. (2018). Analisis mikroorganisme udara terhadap gangguan kesehatan dalam ruangan administrasi gedung menara UMI Makassar. Window of Health: Jurnal Kesehatan, 68-75.
Ramadhan, F., Wargahadibrata, A. H., & Suryani, Y. D. (2020). Hubungan Suhu dan Kelembaban Ruangan dengan Kejadian Sick Building Syndrome pada Pegawai Non Dosen di Gedung Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Islam Bandung. Prosiding Pendidikan Kedokteran, 6(1).
Ridwan, A. M., Nopiyanti, E., & Susanto, A. J. (2018). Analisis Gejala Sick Building Syndrome Pada Pegawai Di Unit OK Rumah Sakit Marinir Cilandak Jakarta Selatan. Jurnal Untuk Masyarakat Sehat (JUKMAS), 2(1), 116-133.
Smajlović, S. K., Dovjak, M., & Kukec, A. (2019). Pogostnost sindroma bolnih stavb v bolnišnicah v povezavi z okoljskimi dejavniki: sistematični pregled literature. Obzornik zdravstvene nege, 53(3), 221-231.
Ulfa, V. A., Asnifatima, A., & Fathimah, A. (2022). Faktor–Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kejadian Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) pada Karyawan RSIA Pasutri Bogor Tahun 2020. PROMOTOR, 5(5), 428-434.
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (1998). Indoor Air Facts No.4 (Revised): Sick Building Syndrome (SBS). Environmental Protection Agency. Available from: http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/sbs.html
Vestabilivy, E., & Hadien, C. S. L. (2023). Pengaruh Suhu Udara dan Pencahayaan di Ruangan Kelas Terhadap Kejadian Sick Building Syndrome pada Mahasiswa STIKes Persada Husada Indonesia. Jurnal Persada Husada Indonesia, 10(36), 1-12.
World Health Organization. (2019). Ten Threats to Global Health in 2019. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Hefnita Hefnita, Budiyono Budiyono, Suhartono Suhartono
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
