Determinants and risk factors influencing stunting among toddlers
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33024/minh.v8i9.1548
Nutrition Risk Stunting Toddler
Abstract
Background: Optimal growth and development in toddlers require appropriate food for growing toddlers. Stunting indicates inadequate nutritional intake in children.
Purpose: To determine the risk factors and determinants associated with stunted infant development growth.
Method: A descriptive quantitative with analytical survey specially focusing on cross-sectional method. The study took place from September 2024 to July 2025 in Dadok Tunggul Hitam Community Health Center, Padang. The independent variables studied were toddler age, gender, birth weight history, exclusive breastfeeding history, number of siblings, mother's age, mother's education, mother's occupation, family income, and gadget use, while the dependent variable was toddler growth. Using random sampling and the Slovin formula, 86 respondents meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected and categorized into two groups: suspect and normal. Data analysis began with univariate tests to describe the distribution of respondent characteristics, followed by bivariate analysis using the chi-square test and multivariate analysis with logistic regression.
Results: The logistic regression results show that the most influential factor on the occurrence of suspicious developmental events is gadget use, especially in the high use category, with an increased risk of up to 18 times (Exp(B) = 18.125; p = 0.000). Toddler age also plays a significant role, with an approximately 5-fold increase in risk (Exp(B) = 5.406; p = 0.008). The number of siblings and family income also contribute each increasing the likelihood of developmental disorders by approximately 3–4 times (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Gadget use is the factor most strongly linked to growth delays in toddlers.
Downloads
References
Anhar, N. (2023). Hubungan Berat Badan Lahir dengan Perkembangan Anak Usia 1-3 Tahun di Desa Baluase. Jurnal Kolaboratif Sains, 6(7), 896-900.
Arula, R. A., & Nurlinda, A. (2025). Hubungan Karakteristik Ibu dengan Perkembangan Anak Usia 1-5 Tahun di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Mandai. Window Of Public Health Journal, 6(1), 150-160.
Astawa, I. G. S., Wisnawa, I. N. D., & Susanto, A. D. (2021). Hubungan Lama Interaksi Orang Tua dengan Penyimpangan Perkembangan Anak Usia 1-3 Tahun di Kecamatan Denpasar Selatan. Bali Medika Jurnal, 8(2), 111-121.
Chen, D., Huang, Y., Swain, A., Yang, X., & Yu, J. (2021). Analysis of Trend and Associated Factors of Neuropsychological Development of Infants and Toddlers Based on Longitudinal Data. Children, 8(10), 866.
Coyne, S. M., Shawcroft, J., Gale, M., Gentile, D. A., Etherington, J. T., Holmgren, H., & Stockdale, L. (2021). Tantrums, Toddlers and Technology: Temperament, Media Emotion Regulation, and Problematic Media Use in Early Childhood. Computers In Human Behavior, 120, 106762.
Fitriahadi, E., & Priskila, Y. (2020). Faktor yang Memengaruhi Perkembangan Anak Usia 3-6 Tahun di Posyandu Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Tinggede, Kecamatan Marawola Kabupaten Sigi Sulawesi Tengah Indonesia. Jurnal Kesehatan, 13(2), 183-191.
Gaikwad, S., Uke, P., Kundalwal, A., & Swarnakar, K. (2024). Risk Factors of Developmental Delay in Children From the Age Group of 6 Months to 6 Years. Sri Lanka Journal Of Child Health, 53(2).
Indrayani, N., & Khadijah, S. (2020). Hubungan Karakteristik Ibu dengan Tumbuh Kembang Balita Periode Emas Usia 12-60 Bulan. Jurnal Kebidanan Indonesia, 11(2), 37-46.
Karani, N. F., Sher, J., & Mophosho, M. (2022). The Influence of Screen Time on Children’s Language Development: A Scoping Review. South African Journal Of Communication Disorders, 69(1), 825.
Kaur, S., Sidhu, N. S., & Randhawa, R. K. (2021). Biological Risk Factors and Early Developmental Delay Assessment in Infants Using Ages and Stages Questionnaire, Version 3 (ASQ-3). Int J Res Rev, 8(7), 272-277.
Kusuma, A., Yunitasari, E., Sugiyanto, S., Anggraini, R., & Mukhlis, H. (2022). Hubungan Intensitas Penggunaan Gadget dengan Perkembangan Anak Usia 4-6 Tahun. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan (Aisyah), 7, 123-128.
Marlina, L., & Syafwandi, S. (2023). Pengaruh Media Sosial Youtube dan Tik Tok Terhadap Perkembangan Anak Usia Dini di Era 4.0. Jurnal Pelita PAUD, 7(2), 469-475.
Michel, E., & Molitor, S. (2022). Fine Motor Skill Automatization and Working Memory in Children with and without Potential Fine Motor Impairments: An Explorative Study. Human Movement Science, 84, 102968.
Muminah, A., & Salim, H. (2022). Fenomena Komunikasi Haptika Antara Ibu dan Bayi Saat Menggendong. Jurnal Desain Idea: Jurnal Desain Produk Industri Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya, 21(2), 40-44.
Munzer, T. G., Miller, A. L., Wang, Y., Kaciroti, N., & Radesky, J. (2020). Tablets, Toddlers, and Tantrums: The Immediate Effects of Tablet Device Play. Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway: 1992), 110(1), 255.
Nahar, B., Hossain, M., Mahfuz, M., Islam, M. M., Hossain, M. I., Murray‐Kolb, L. E., & Ahmed, T. (2020). Early Childhood Development and Stunting: Findings from the MAL‐ED Birth Cohort Study in Bangladesh. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 16(1), E12864.
Nurmayanti, A. I., Prasetyawan, R. D., Sholihin, S., Iswahyudi, U. A., & Arifuddin, Y. W. (2024). Dampak Penggunaan Gadget Terhadap Tumbuh Kembang Anak Usia Balita: Literatur Review. Nursing Information Journal, 4(1), 38-48.
Pasaribu, A., & Barus, M. B. (2023). Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Tumbuh Kembang Anak 0-59 Bulan di Puskesmas Pintu Angin Kota Sibolga Tahun 2023. Medical Laboratory Journal, 1(4), 107-113.
Prihatini, S. (2024). Hubungan Penggunaan Gawai Terhadap Perkembangan Personal Sosial dan Aspek Bahasa pada Anak Usia Prasekolah (4-6 Tahun) di TK Al-Hikmah Jakarta Selatan (Doctoral Dissertation, Universitas Nasional).
Priliana, W. K., & Ulkhasanah, M. E. (2023). Hubungan Asi Eksklusif dengan Perkembangan Motorik Halus pada Anak Usia 3-5 tahun di Yogyakarta: The Relationship Between Exclusive Breastfeeding and Smooth Motor Skills Development in Children Aged 3-5 years in Yogyakarta. Jurnal Ilmiah Pamenang, 5(2), 90-94.
Rocha, B., & Nunes, C. (2020). Benefits and Damages of the Use of Touchscreen Devices for the Development and Behavior of Children Under 5 years Old—A Systematic Review. Psicologia: Reflexão E Crítica, 33, 24.
Sari, Y. M., & Pariani, S. (2022). Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Perkembangan Balita 1-3 tahun di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kuamang Jaya Kecamatan Pelepat Ilir Kabupaten Bungo tahun 2021. Jurnal Kesehatan Ibu dan Anak (KIA), 1, 1.
Sihaloho, F. T. (2024). Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Perkembangan Balita Wasting di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Anak Air Kota Padang tahun 2023 (Doctoral Dissertation, Universitas Andalas).
Sinaga, T. R., Purba, S. D., Simamora, M., Pardede, J. A., & Dachi, C. (2021). Berat Badan Lahir Rendah dengan Kejadian Stunting pada Batita. Jurnal Ilmiah Permas: Jurnal Ilmiah STIKES Kendal, 11(3), 493-500.
Suryana, D., Tika, R., & Wardani, E. K. (2022, June). Management of Creative Early Childhood Education Environment in Increasing Golden Age Creativity. In 6th International Conference of Early Childhood Education (ICECE-6 2021) (Pp. 17-20). Atlantis Press.
Varadarajan, S., Govindarajan Venguidesvarane, A., Ramaswamy, K. N., Rajamohan, M., Krupa, M., & Winfred Christadoss, S. B. (2021). Prevalence of Excessive Screen Time and its Association with Developmental Delay in Children Aged< 5 Years: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study in India. Plos One, 16(7), e0254102.
Wardiyah, A., Rilyani, R., & Nirwanto, N. (2023, July). The Impact of Working Mother on Quality Time with Children. In International Health Conference Stikes Panca Bhakti (IHCPB) (Vol. 1, No. 1, Pp. 68-75).
Wigati, D. N., Untari, S., & Sahara, R. (2025). Pengaruh Berat Badan Lahir Rendah (BBLR) dan Status Gizi dengan Perkembangan Balita Usia 3-5 Tahun. Jambura Journal of Health Sciences and Research, 7(1), 116-123.
Wu, S., Zhang, D., Li, X., Zhao, J., Sun, X., Shi, L., & Jiang, F. (2022). Siblings and Early Childhood Development: Evidence from a Population-Based Cohort in Preschoolers from Shanghai. International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health, 19(9), 5739.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Indah Muthara, Desmawati Desmawati, Hirowati Ali
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
