Determinan individu dan keluarga terhadap kejadian stunting pada bayi baru lahir di negara berkembang: A literature review
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33024/hjk.v20i7.3792
Developing Countries Family Determinants Individual Determinants Newborn Stunting Stunting at Birth
Abstract
Background: Stunting in newborns remains a significant public health issue in developing countries. This condition reflects chronic malnutrition in both the mother and the foetus during pregnancy and has long-term consequences for the child’s physical growth and cognitive development. Identifying the underlying causes is essential for early prevention.
Purpose: To identify individual and family determinants of stunting at birth in developing countries.
Method: This study used a systematic literature review method following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Literature searches were conducted through Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Portal Garuda using keywords related to family determinants, stunting at birth, neonatal growth, and newborn stunting. The selected articles were analytical studies published between 2016 and 2025, available in full text, and relevant to stunting among newborns. A total of 10 articles were included in the final review.
Results: The findings showed that stunting at birth in developing countries is associated with several individual and family determinants. Individual factors include low birth weight, poor maternal nutritional status, short maternal stature, risky maternal age, short birth spacing, low antenatal care adherence, and male infant sex. Family and environmental factors include low socioeconomic status, low parental education, poor sanitation, limited access to clean water, rural residence, and limited access to health services. Low birth weight and poor maternal nutritional status were the most consistent and dominant determinants across the reviewed studies.
Conclusion: Stunting at birth is influenced by interconnected biological, maternal, family, socioeconomic, and environmental factors. Prevention efforts should begin before conception and continue throughout pregnancy through integrated maternal nutrition, antenatal care, family education, sanitation improvement, and health service strengthening.
Suggestion: Future studies are recommended to develop longitudinal or prospective cohort designs to examine the causal relationship between maternal, family, and environmental determinants and stunting at birth. Further research should also evaluate the effectiveness of integrated interventions starting from the preconception period and pregnancy, particularly among high-risk mothers, low-income families, and communities with limited access to health services.
Keywords: Developing Countries; Family Determinants; Individual Determinants; Newborn Stunting; Stunting at Birth.
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