Infeksi covid-19 ibu selama kehamilan dan hasil pendengaran neonatal: Sebuah tinjauan sistematis dan meta-analisis
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33024/hjk.v20i7.3306
Covid-19 Infection Hearing Outcomes Maternal Neonatal Pregnancy
Abstract
Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been associated with neurological and otolaryngological manifestations, including potential hearing impairment. There are concerns regarding the impact of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy on fetal and neonatal hearing development.
Purpose: To evaluate the association between maternal COVID-19 infection and neonatal hearing screening outcomes.
Method: A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases from their inception through April 2026, in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Studies were included if they evaluated hearing screening outcomes in infants born to mothers with COVID-19 during pregnancy using methods such as otoacoustic emissions (OAE), auditory brainstem response (ABR), automated ABR (AABR), brainstem evoked response audiometry (BERA), or auditory steady-state response (ASSR). Data extraction and quality assessment using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) were performed independently by two reviewers. Pooled effect sizes (ES) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a fixed-effects meta-analysis.
Results: Six studies involving newborns exposed to maternal COVID-19 infection during pregnancy were included in this analysis. Most studies showed no significant association between COVID-19 infection during pregnancy and permanent congenital hearing impairment. However, transient abnormalities in hearing screening tests were observed in some studies. A meta-analysis of four studies evaluating Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) results showed an increased risk of abnormal ABR findings in exposed newborns (ES = 1.38; 95% CI: 1.17–1.62; I² = 0%). A meta-analysis of three studies evaluating Otoacoustic Emission (OAE) results indicated subtle changes in cochlear auditory responses (ES = 0.93; 95% CI: 0.89–0.98; I² = 0%). Heterogeneity across analyses was minimal, indicating consistency among the included studies.
Conclusion: Maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy does not appear to be a primary cause of permanent congenital hearing loss. However, transient hearing abnormalities and mild cochlear dysfunction may occur in newborns exposed in utero, particularly during initial postnatal screening. Long-term audiological monitoring and further multicenter prospective studies using standardized assessments are needed to clarify the long-term impact of prenatal SARS-CoV-2 exposure on hearing.
Keywords: Covid-19 Infection; Hearing Outcomes; Maternal; Neonatal; Pregnancy.
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