Insiden, faktor risiko, dan mortalitas rabies di Indonesia: A systematic literature review
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33024/hjk.v20i5.3223
Incidence Mortality Rabies Risk Factors
Abstract
Background: Rabies is a zoonotic disease that remains a public health problem in Indonesia, with a high mortality rate, despite being preventable through vaccination and post-exposure care. Indonesia is a rabies-endemic country with a high bite rate from rabies-carrying animals, low animal vaccination coverage, delayed post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), and a lack of public awareness, all of which contribute to the increased risk of death.
Purpose: To conduct a systematic review of the incidence, risk factors, and mortality rates of rabies in Indonesia.
Method: This systematic literature review (SLR) study used the PRISMA guidelines and the PICOS approach. The literature search was conducted from Google Scholar, PubMed/MEDLINE, and ScienceDirect databases for the period 2015-2025. Inclusion criteria included a cross-sectional design, Indonesian and English versions, and full-text access. Of the 4,344 articles searched, only 8 met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed.
Results: The incidence of rabies in Indonesia remains high, particularly in endemic areas such as Bali, East Nusa Tenggara, and North Sulawesi, with most rabies cases caused by dog bites. Key risk factors include low dog vaccination coverage, delayed or incomplete PEP, low public awareness, dense stray dog populations, and limited access to health services. Rabies deaths are still reported annually, with a near 100% mortality rate after the onset of clinical symptoms, largely due to delayed treatment and a lack of public awareness of the importance of immediate action after a bite.
Conclusion: Rabies in Indonesia remains a significant public health problem, with high incidence and mortality requiring serious attention. Strengthening mass vaccination programs for infected animals, improving access to and compliance with PEP, and ongoing public education are strategic steps to support the target of eliminating rabies deaths.
Keywords: Incidence; Mortality; Rabies; Risk Factors.
Downloads
References
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2025). Global Rabies: What You Should Know. Diakses dari: https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/around-world/index.html
Christopher, P. M., Cucunawangsih, C., Adidharma, A. A. G. B., Putra, I. P. D. K., & Putra, D. G. S. (2021). Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding rabies among community members: a cross-sectional study in Songan Village, Bali, Indonesia. International maritime health, 72(1), 26-35.
Dinas Kesehatan Daerah Provinsi Sulawesi Utara. (2022). Kunjungan Kepala Dinas Kesehatan Daerah Provinsi Sulawesi Utara Terkait Penanganan Rabies di Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara. Diakses dari: https://dinkes.sulutprov.go.id/detailpost/kunjungan-kepala-dinas-kesehatan-daerah-provinsi-sulawesi-utara-terkait-penanganan-rabies-di-kabupaten-minahasa-tenggara
Gitonga, P. N., Ogoti, B., Etapar, T. L., & Coetzer, A. (2025). High awareness, low compliance: rabies knowledge and dog ownership practices among pastoralists, Marsabit County, Kenya. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 12, 1682727.
Handoko, J., Fitranda, M., Suprayoga, T., Maulana, R., Pratama, H. B., Firdaus, M., & Ryadi, A. S. (2024). Edukasi dan Vaksinasi Rabies pada Hewan Peliharaan di Kelurahan Palas, Kecamatan Rumbai, Kota Pekanbaru: Hewan Sehat, Masyarakat Sehat: Edukasi dan Vaksinasi Rabies pada Hewan Peliharaan di Kelurahan Palas, Kecamatan Rumbai, Kota Pekanbaru: Hewan Sehat, Masyarakat Sehat. Jurnal Pengabdian Kesehatan Komunitas, 4(2), 78-85.
Kale, M. L. F. P., & Riwu, A. G. (2025). Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) of Communities toward Rabies Prevention in Indonesia: A Literature Review. Jurnal Veteriner Nusantara, 8(2), 46-49.
Karamoy, A. S., Kalesaran, A. F. C., & Mantjoro, E. M. (2023). Implementation of the one health approach in controlling rabies in Minahasa Regency, Indonesia.
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2019). Buku Saku Rabies: Petunjuk Teknis Penatalaksanaan Kasus Gigitan Hewan Penular Rabies di Indonesia. Diakses dari: https://www.scribd.com/document/893953868/BUKU-SAKU-GHPR
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2023). Hingga April 2023 Ada 11 Kasus Kematian karena Rabies, Segera ke Faskes jika Digigit Anjing. Diakses dari: https://kemkes.go.id/id/hingga-april-2023-ada-11-kasus-kematian-karena-rabies-segera-ke-faskes-jika-digigit-anjing
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2025). Profil Kesehatan Indonesia 2024. Diakses dari: https://kemkes.go.id/id/profil-kesehatan-indonesia-2024
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2025). Surat Edaran Kewaspadaan terhadap Kasus Rabies di Indonesia. Diakses dari: https://kemkes.go.id/id/surat-edaran-kewaspadaan-terhadap-kasus-rabies-di-indonesia
Kusumaningrum, T., Latinne, A., Martinez, S., Kalengkongan, J., Wiyatno, A., Dewantari, A. K., & Safari, D. (2022). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices associated with zoonotic disease transmission risk in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. One Health Outlook, 4(1), 11.
Losoh, D. S., Sembiring, E. E., & Nurmansyah, M. (2024). Hubungan pengetahuan dan sikap masyarakat dengan tindakan pencegahan rabies di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Melonguane. Mapalus Nursing Science Journal, 2(2).
Mustiana, A., Toribio, J. A., Abdurrahman, M., Suadnya, I. W., Hernandez-Jover, M., Putra, A. A. G., & Ward, M. P. (2015). Owned and unowned dog population estimation, dog management and dog bites to inform rabies prevention and response on Lombok Island, Indonesia. PLoS One, 10(5), e0124092.
Purnama, S. G., Utami, N. W. A., Subrata, M., Pradnyani, P. E., Agustina, K., & Swacita, I. B. N. (2023). Assessment of Rabies control attitudes during the COVID-19 pandemic through partial least square-structural equation modeling. Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional (National Public Health Journal), 18(2), 145-151.
Rehman, S., Rantam, F. A., Rehman, A., Effendi, M. H., & Shehzad, A. (2021). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward rabies in three provinces of Indonesia. Veterinary world, 14 (9), 2518–2526. Abstract.
Saepudin, M., Pranaka, R. N., Umboh, H. H., & Wardoyo, S. (2022). Risk factors associated with rabies incidence in rabies endemic areas in West Kalimantan. Germs, 12(4), 472.
Safaldy, A., Hernawan, A. D., Trisnawati, E., & Arfan, I. (2025). Hubungan Pemeliharaan Anjing dengan Risiko Gigitan Hewan Penular Rabies di Sajingan dan Entikong (Wilayah perbatasan Indonesia-Malaysia). Jurnal kesehatan komunitas (Journal of community health), 11(3), 475-485.
Shams, F., Jokar, M., Djalali, E., Abdous, A., Rahnama, M., Rahmanian, V., & Seuberlich, T. (2025). Incidence and prevalence of rabies virus infections in tested humans and animals in Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis study. One Health, 20, 101102.
Sindawati, K. A., & Rajagukguk, D. (2020). The Role of Dog Population Management in the Context of Rabies Eradication (Case Study in Pejeng Village, Tampaksiring District, Gianyar Regency, Bali Province).
Sreenivas, N. S., Sakranaik, S., Sobagiah, R. T., & Kumar, A. (2017). An epidemiology of animal bite cases attending tertiary care centre of Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru: a retrospective study. Int J Community Med Public Health, 4(7), 2538-42.
Widyastuti, M. D. W., Bardosh, K. L., Sunandar, S., Basri, C., Basuno, E., Jatikusumah, A., & Gilbert, J. (2015). On dogs, people, and a rabies epidemic: results from a sociocultural study in Bali, Indonesia. Infectious diseases of poverty, 4(1), 30.
World Health Organization. (2023). Respons Kejadian Luar Biasa Rabies: Percepatan Pendekatan One Health di Nusa Tenggara Timur. Diakses dari: https://www.who.int/indonesia/id/news/detail/18-10-2023-rabies-outbreak-response--accelerating-a-one-health-approach-in-east-nusa-tenggara
World Health Organization. (2024). Gavi to Boost Access to Life-Saving Human Rabies Vaccines in Over 50 Countries: Gavi, WHO and UAR. Diakses dari: https://www.who.int/news/item/13-06-2024-gavito-boost-access-to-lifesaving-rabies-vaccines-human-in-over-50countries-gavi-who-and-uar
Zahra, T. M. (2025). Hubungan Pengetahuan Sikap Masyarakat Dan Peran Tenaga Kesehatan Dengan Perilaku Pencegahan Rabies Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Aur Duri Tahun 2025 (Doctoral Dissertation, Universitas Jambi).
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Holistik Jurnal Kesehatan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
