Faktor determinan dan disparitas kesehatan gigi dan mulut anak di wilayah perkotaan dan perdesaan: A systematic review
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33024/hjk.v20i5.3167
Determinants Health Disparities Oral Health Rural Areas Urban Areas
Abstract
Background: Oral health problems during childhood can have long-term impacts on oral health in adulthood, negatively impacting children's general health and academic achievement. Furthermore, children's oral health is influenced by various determinants and shows differences between urban and rural areas.
Purpose: To analyze the determinants and disparities in oral health among children in urban and rural areas.
Method: This systematic review used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to analyze and evaluate research findings identified through a literature search in PubMed and Google Scholar using the keywords "oral health" AND "children" AND "rural" AND "urban" AND "differences."
Results: There were differences in the burden of untreated oral disease and lower access to health information among children in rural areas compared to urban areas.
Conclusion: Disparities in oral health among children exist between rural and urban areas, influenced by various social, economic, behavioral, and access to health services factors. Children in rural areas tend to be at higher risk of oral health problems due to limited access to services, low health literacy, and uneven distribution of dental health professionals.
Suggestion: Promotive and preventive interventions are needed to improve parental knowledge and behavior and ensure equitable access to dental health services, especially in rural areas. Furthermore, research should encompass a wider range of regions and variables, including research in Indonesia, to obtain a more comprehensive and contextualized picture of the determinants and disparities in children's oral health.
Keywords: Determinants; Health Disparities; Oral Health; Rural Areas; Urban Areas.
Downloads
References
Alhozgi, A., Feine, J. S., Tanwir, F., Shrivastava, R., Galarneau, C., & Emami, E. (2021). Rural–urban disparities in patient satisfaction with oral health care: a provincial survey. BMC oral health, 21(1), 261.
Alhudaithi, A. S., Alsughier, Z., Alzaidan, H., & Aldhelai, T. A. (2023). Children's oral health status among urban and rural areas of Qassim region, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. Cureus, 15(10).
Almutairi, S., Scambler, S., & Bernabé, E. (2023). Family functioning and preschool children's oral health‐related quality of life. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 51(2), 292-300.
Alzahrani, A. Y., El Meligy, O., Bahdila, D., Aljawi, R., Bamashmous, N. O., & Almushayt, A. (2024). The influence of parental oral health literacy on children's oral health: a scoping review. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, 48(4).
Bakhaider, H., Azimi, S., Tennant, M., & Kruger, E. (2026). Barriers to oral health service access for rural and remote Australian children: a mixed-methods systematic review. Rural and Remote Health, 26(2).
Chalid, M., Riyanti, E., Soewondo, W., Andisetyanto, P., Rikmasari, R., Rakhmatia, Y. D., & Tjahajawati, S. (2025). The Relationship Between Parenting Stress and Parents’ Level of Education, Knowledge, and Attitude Regarding Dental and Oral Health Maintenance in Children with Intellectual Disabilities. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry, 259-267.
Devraj, I. M., Girish, M. S., Sushma, K., Dutta, B., & Dhull, K. S. (2025). Oral Health Status and Oral Health-related Quality of Life among Children Born Preterm: A Cross-sectional Study. International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, 18(12), 1454.
Fadila, W., Rahardja, M. B., Prasetyoputra, P., Suwargiani, A. A., Prasetyo, Y. E., & Riyanti, E. (2024). Family's socioeconomic and demographic factors on elements of children's dental and oral health: A scoping review. Clinical and experimental dental research.
Garcés-Elías, M. C., Del Castillo-López, C. E., Beltrán, J. A., Agudelo-Suárez, A. A., & León-Manco, R. A. (2022). Peruvian children’s access to oral health information during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry, 12(6), 638-645.
Jamshidi, M., Sistani, M. M. N., Boushehri, N., & Hamzeh, M. (2022). Prevalence of early childhood caries and the related factors among 3-5-year-old children in Babol, Iran. Journal of Dentistry, 23(2), 137.
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2023). Survei Kesehatan Indonesia (SKI) 2023. Diakses dari: https://www.badankebijakan.kemkes.go.id/hasil-ski-2023/
Khairinisa, S., Matsuyama, Y., Kiuchi, S., Maharani, D. A., & Aida, J. (2025). Mediating Role of Health Insurance on Socioeconomic Inequalities in Dental Utilisation Patterns Among Indonesian Adults. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 53(6), 685-695.
Kim, C. E., & An, S. Y. (2025). Relationship Between Short Sleep, Exercise Frequency and Media Use with Oral Health in Korean Elementary School Children: A Cross-Sectional Study. Children, 12(10), 1399.
Martin, M. A., Sundararajan, V., Ochoa, N., Dziak, J., Berbaum, M., Lee, H. H., & Wu, A. (2023). Oral health behaviors for young low-income urban children during the COVID-19 pandemic: a mixed methods analysis. Children, 10(8), 1329.
Mishra, A., Sharma, D., Tripathi, G. M., & Khan, T. A. (2023). Rural–urban disparities in knowledge, attitude, and practice toward child oral health among mothers of 9–36-month-old children. Journal of Rural Medicine, 18(3), 175-181.
Mishra, R., Jain, G., Singh, A. K., Yadav, B. K., Thakur, R. K., & Dixit, A. (2024). Assessing Parental Preferences for Children's Oral Health in Rural Areas: A Study on Maintenance and Treatment Choices. Cureus, 16(5).
Mollet, S. D., Manton, D. J., Wollgast, J., & Toebes, B. (2024). A right to health-based approach to dental caries: toward a comprehensive control strategy. Caries Research, 58(4), 444-453.
Park, S. I., Im, C., Kim, G., & Lee, J. (2024). Multilevel Analysis on Spatial Distribution and Socio-Environmental Factors of Dental Caries in Korean Children. Journal of the Korean Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, 51(1), 40-54.
Peric, T., Campus, G., Markovic, E., Petrovic, B., Soldatovic, I., Vukovic, A., & Markovic, D. (2022). Oral health in 12-and 15-year-old children in Serbia: A national pathfinder study. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(19), 12269.
Shahzad, M., Ahmad, H. A., Ambadi, S., Peterson, S., & Yang, I. (2026). Traditional oral hygiene practices and their effectiveness: a systematic review of the evidence. Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry, 24, 107.
Singh, A., Purohit, B. M., & Purohit, A. (2025). Oral Health Survey in Rural and Urban Population from Central India. WHO South-East Asia Journal of Public Health, 14(1), 14-24.
Sivakumar, A., Venkatarayappa, J. G., Tirupati, N., Benedict, C. H., Gunasekaran, V., Babu, N. K., & Benedict, C. (2024). Association of Demographic Disparities in Maternal Oral Hygiene Status, Caries Experience, and Oral Health Behavior Toward Children in Chengalpattu District, India: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus, 16(11).
World Health Organization. (2015). The Challenge of Oral Disease – A call for global action. The Oral Health Atlas (2nd ed.). diakses dari: https://www.knowledge-action-portal.com/en/content/oral-health-atlas-2nd-edition-2015-challenge-oral-disease-call-global-action
Yun, Q., Liu, M., Zhao, M., Chen, W., Zhang, H., Hou, W., & Chang, C. (2021). Ten‐year changes in children’s oral health disparities: Findings from the 3rd and 4th oral health surveys in Beijing, China. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 49(6), 513-521.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Holistik Jurnal Kesehatan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
