Bukti terkini, keterbatasan diagnostik, dan perspektif masa depan terhadap pengujian serologis pada kusta
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33024/hjk.v20i4.2923
Current Evidence Future Perspectives Leprosy Limited Diagnosis Serological Examination
Abstract
Background: Hansen’s disease, or leprosy, is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Diagnosis of this disease is generally based on clinical manifestations, bacteriological testing, and histopathology. Serological testing has been increasingly developed as an additional diagnostic method to detect antibodies specific to M. leprae antigens, which helps improve the sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis.
Purpose: To review the current evidence regarding serological testing for leprosy, evaluate its diagnostic limitations, and examine the prospects for its development in supporting the early detection and control of leprosy.
Method: A literature review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Articles titled “Advances in Serological Testing for Leprosy” were reviewed. The literature search was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect with the keywords “Leprosy” AND “Serology” AND “PGL-1” AND “ELISA” AND “Rapid test” AND “NDO-LID” AND “IGRA.” Study quality and risk of bias were assessed using appropriate instruments, such as the JBI Critical Appraisal Tools or CASP.
Results: Serological testing is an important method for the detection and diagnosis of leprosy, utilizing biomarkers such as phenolic glycolipid-I (PGL-I) and leprosy IDRI diagnostic-1 (LID-1), which are detected using techniques such as ELISA and lateral flow assays. These methods have the potential to detect Mycobacterium leprae infection before clinical symptoms appear, particularly in household contacts of leprosy patients, although their sensitivity and specificity are influenced by the stage of the disease and individual immune responses.
Conclusion: Serological testing can aid in the early detection of leprosy by detecting antibodies against Mycobacterium leprae, particularly in multibacillary (MB) cases and household contacts. However, its accuracy varies, so it cannot be used as a standalone test and must be combined with other diagnostic methods to improve diagnostic accuracy.
Keywords: Current Evidence; Future Perspectives; Leprosy; Limited Diagnosis; Serological Examination.
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