Faktor risiko penyakit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pada kelompok lelaki seks lelaki: A literature review
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33024/hjk.v20i2.2358
Faktor Risiko Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Lelaki Seks Lelaki (LSL)
Abstract
Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remains a significant public health challenge, particularly among men who have sex with men (MSM). Data shows that the incidence and prevalence rates in this group remain significantly higher than those in the general population. In Indonesia, HIV prevalence reaches 23.2% in Jakarta and 21.9% in Bali.
Purpose: To identify and analyze various risk factors that contribute to HIV infection in the men who have sex with men group.
Method: This study employed a literature review with a narrative review approach. Articles were searched in national and international databases with publication dates between 2015 and 2025. A selection process was conducted on 124 identified articles, and 20 articles that met the inclusion criteria were selected for analysis.
Results: Key risk factors include risky sexual behaviors such as unprotected receptive anal sex, inconsistent condom use, multiple sexual partners, and a history of sexually transmitted infections. Additionally, substance use and chemsex practices, young age, low education levels, stigma and discrimination, limited social support, and limited access to health services increase vulnerability to HIV.
Conclusion: The risk of HIV in MSM groups is multidimensional, so prevention efforts require a comprehensive and integrated approach that targets not only individual behavioral changes, but also social, community, and structural factors.
Suggestion: Prospective or cohort studies are needed to assess the causal relationship between risk factors and HIV infection in MSM, as well as qualitative studies to explore stigma-related service barriers among MSM in Indonesia.
Keywords: Chemsex; HIV; MSM; Risk Factors; Risky Sexual Behavior.
Pendahuluan: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) tetap menjadi tantangan kesehatan masyarakat yang signifikan, khususnya pada kelompok Lelaki Seks Lelaki (LSL). Data menunjukkan bahwa angka kejadian (insidensi) dan jumlah khasus (prevalensi) pada kelompok ini masih jauh lebih tinggi dibandingkan populasi umum. Di Indonesia, prevalensi HIV mencapai 23.2% di Jakarta dan 21.9 di Bali.
Tujuan: Untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis berbagai faktor resiko yang berkontribusi terhadap inveksi HIV pada kelompok Laki Seks Laki (LSL).
Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan literature review dengan pendekatan narrative review. Pencarian artikel pada basis data nasional dan internasional dengan rentang waktu publikasi antara tahun 2015-2025. Proses seleksi dilakukan terhadap 124 artikel yang teridentifikasi, kemudian dipilih 20 artikel yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi untuk dianalisis.
Hasil: Faktor resiko utama meliputi perilaku seksual berisiko, seperti seks anal reseptif tanpa kondom, inkonsistensi penggunaan kondom, dan memiliki banyak pasangan seksual, serta riwayat infeksi menular seksual. Selain itu, penggunaan zat psikoaktif dan praktik chemsex, usia muda, rendahnya tingkat pendidikan, stigma dan diskriminasi, keterbatasan dukungan sosial, serta akses layanan kesehatan yang terbatas turut meningkatkan kerentanan terhadap HIV.
Simpulan: Risiko HIV pada kelompok LSL bersifat multidimensional, sehingga upaya pencegahan memerlukan pendekatan komprehensif dan terintegrasi yang tidak hanya menargetkan perubahan perilaku individu, tetapi juga faktor sosial, komunitas, dan struktural.
Saran: Diperlukan studi dengan desain prospektif atau kohort untuk menilai hubungan kausal antar faktor risiko dan infeksi HIV pada LSL. Serta studi kualitatif untuk mendalami hambatan layanan terkait stigma pada kelompok LSL di Indonesia.
Kata Kunci: Faktor Risiko; Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV); Lelaki Seks Lelaki (LSL).
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