Pengaruh edukasi terhadap kualitas hidup dan kejadian rawat inap ulang pada pasien gagal jantung: A literature review

Abstract

Background: Heart failure is a leading cause of morbidity, mortality, and readmissions worldwide. Despite advances in pharmacological therapy, many patients still experience reduced quality of life and high readmission rates. Patient education is considered an effective non-pharmacological intervention in improving self-care skills and preventing disease recurrence, but its effectiveness varies across studies.

Purpose: To review and synthesize scientific evidence regarding the effect of education on quality of life and readmission rates in patients with heart failure.

Method: This literature review was conducted using PubMed, Springer, DOAJ, Wiley, and Google Scholar databases using the keywords Education, Quality of Life (QoL), Readmission, Heart Failure. Inclusion criteria included English-language quantitative articles published between 2020 and 2025. The selection process yielded nine articles (5 randomized controlled trials, 2 randomized clinical trials, and 2 quasi-experimental studies). Methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) and the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT).

Results: Most studies demonstrated that patient education, whether through structured education, telemonitoring, distance learning, or empowerment-based education, improved self-care, self-efficacy, and quality of life in heart failure patients. Education based on behavioral theories, such as the Leventhal Self-Regulation Model, and empowerment approaches proved most effective in improving physical and psychological aspects of quality of life. Furthermore, several studies demonstrated significant reductions in readmission rates through improved therapy adherence and early symptom detection. Overall, six articles were rated as high quality and three as moderate quality based on the JBI score.

Conclusions: Heart failure patient education has been shown to be effective in improving quality of life and reducing readmissions. The most successful interventions were those that were continuous, interactive, empowerment-based, nurse-led, and supported by telehealth technology.

Suggestion: Longitudinal studies or meta-analyses are needed to evaluate the long-term effects of educational interventions on quality of life and readmissions, including intermediary factors such as social support, health literacy, and patient motivation.

Keywords: Heart Failure; Patient Education; Quality of Life; Rehospitalization.

Pendahuluan: Gagal jantung merupakan salah satu penyebab utama morbiditas, mortalitas, dan rehospitalisasi di seluruh dunia. Meskipun terapi farmakologis telah berkembang, banyak pasien masih mengalami penurunan kualitas hidup dan angka rawat inap ulang yang tinggi. Edukasi pasien dianggap sebagai intervensi nonfarmakologis yang efektif dalam meningkatkan kemampuan perawatan diri dan mencegah kekambuhan penyakit, namun efektivitasnya masih bervariasi antar penelitian.

Tujuan: Untuk menelaah dan mensintesis bukti ilmiah mengenai pengaruh edukasi terhadap kualitas hidup dan kejadian rawat inap ulang pada pasien gagal jantung.

Metode: Penelitian literature review melalui penelusuran basis data PubMed, Springer, DOAJ, Wiley, dan Google Scholar menggunakan kata kunci Education, Quality of Life (QoL), Rehospitalization, Heart Failure. Kriteria inklusi mencakup artikel kuantitatif berbahasa Inggris yang dipublikasikan antara 2020–2025. Proses seleksi menghasilkan 9 artikel (5 Randomized Controlled Trial, 2 Randomized Clinical Trial, dan 2 quasi-experimental). Kualitas metodologis dinilai menggunakan Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) dan Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT).

Hasil: Sebagian besar penelitian menunjukkan bahwa edukasi pasien, baik melalui structured education, telemonitoring, distance learning, maupun empowerment-based education meningkatkan self-care, self-efficacy, serta kualitas hidup pasien gagal jantung. Edukasi berbasis teori perilaku, seperti Leventhal’s Self-Regulation Model dan empowerment approach terbukti paling efektif dalam memperbaiki aspek fisik dan psikologis QoL. Selain itu, beberapa studi menunjukkan penurunan signifikan angka rehospitalisasi melalui peningkatan kepatuhan terapi dan deteksi dini gejala. Secara keseluruhan, 6 artikel berkualitas tinggi dan 3 artikel berkualitas moderat berdasarkan skor JBI.

Simpulan: Edukasi pasien gagal jantung terbukti efektif dalam meningkatkan kualitas hidup dan menurunkan rehospitalisasi. Intervensi yang paling berhasil adalah yang bersifat berkelanjutan, interaktif, berbasis pemberdayaan, serta dipimpin oleh perawat (nurse-led education) dan didukung teknologi telehealth.

Saran: Diperlukan penelitian longitudinal atau meta-analisis untuk mengevaluasi efek jangka panjang intervensi edukasi terhadap QoL dan rehospitalisasi, termasuk faktor mediasi seperti dukungan sosial, literasi kesehatan, dan motivasi pasien.

Kata Kunci: Edukasi Pasien; Gagal Jantung; Kualitas Hidup; Rawat Inap Ulang.