Determinan keterlambatan pasien (patient delay) pada kanker payudara: Sebuah tinjauan sistematis
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33024/hjk.v19i11.1865
Faktor Eksternal Faktor Internal Kanker Payudara Keterlambatan Pasien (Patient Delay)
Abstract
Background: Patient delay in seeking breast cancer treatment is a significant global health issue contributing to high rates of late-stage diagnosis and mortality. Understanding the factors causing this delay is crucial for designing effective intervention strategies.
Purpose: To identify and synthesize determinants of patient delay in breast cancer.
Method: The systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A literature search on electronic databases (Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect) for articles published between 2011–2024 yielded 25 studies that met the inclusion criteria and passed the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) quality assessment.
Results: Findings were classified into two main themes. Internal factors were dominated by cognitive misconceptions, where painless lump symptoms were often considered harmless, as well as psychological barriers such as fear and denial that triggered the use of alternative treatment. Major external factors included socioeconomic barriers (low income and education), geographical constraints (distance and rural location), and lack of social support.
Conclusion: Patients' delays in seeking breast cancer treatment are primarily influenced by misconceptions about early symptoms, particularly the belief that painless lumps are harmless, as well as psychological barriers such as fear, stigma, and denial that encourage alternative treatment options.
Keywords: Breast Cancer; External Factors; Internal Factors; Patient Delay.
Pendahuluan: Keterlambatan pasien (patient delay) dalam mencari pengobatan kanker payudara merupakan masalah kesehatan global yang berkontribusi signifikan terhadap tingginya angka diagnosis stadium lanjut dan mortalitas. Memahami faktor-faktor penyebab keterlambatan ini krusial untuk merancang strategi intervensi yang efektif.
Tujuan: Untuk mengidentifikasi dan mensintesis determinan keterlambatan pasien (patient delay) pada kanker payudara.
Metode: Tinjauan sistematis dilakukan mengikuti pedoman PRISMA 2020. Pencarian literatur pada database elektronik (Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect) untuk artikel tahun 2011–2024 menghasilkan 25 studi yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan lolos penilaian kualitas Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI)
Hasil: Temuan diklasifikasikan ke dalam dua tema utama. Faktor internal didominasi oleh miskonsepsi kognitif, bahwa gejala benjolan tidak nyeri (painless lump) sering dianggap tidak berbahaya, serta hambatan psikologis berupa rasa takut dan penyangkalan yang memicu penggunaan pengobatan alternatif. Faktor eksternal utama meliputi hambatan sosioekonomi (pendapatan dan pendidikan rendah), kendala geografis (jarak dan lokasi pedesaan), serta kurangnya dukungan sosial.
Simpulan: Keterlambatan pasien dalam mencari pengobatan kanker payudara terutama dipengaruhi oleh miskonsepsi terhadap gejala awal, khususnya anggapan bahwa benjolan tanpa nyeri tidak berbahaya, serta hambatan psikologis seperti rasa takut, stigma, dan penyangkalan yang mendorong pemilihan pengobatan alternatif.
Kata Kunci: Faktor Eksternal; Faktor Internal; Kanker Payudara; Keterlambatan Pasien (Patient Delay).
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