Intervensi non-farmakologi untuk mengurangi mual muntah pada pasien kanker: Sebuah tinjauan sistematis
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33024/hjk.v19i9.1863
Intervensi Non-Farmakologi Mual Muntah Pasien Kanker
Abstract
Background: Cancer patients frequently experience nausea and vomiting, which can be caused by the disease process, the effects of therapy, and psychological factors. This condition can affect patients' nutrition, comfort, and quality of life. Pharmacological interventions are often ineffective, so non-pharmacological interventions are used as alternatives to help manage symptoms.
Purpose: To determine the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions in reducing nausea and vomiting in cancer patients.
Method: This systematic review was conducted based on PRISMA guidelines. Literature was obtained from three databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct. Inclusion criteria were full-text articles, published in English, published within the last 10 years (2015-2025), and using a quantitative design (RCTs and quasi-experimental). Of the 263,189 articles found, 12 met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed.
Results: Non-pharmacological interventions such as yoga, the Benson relaxation technique, acupressure, reflexology, peppermint and Citrus aurantium aromatherapy, and ginger herbal supplements, were effective in reducing the intensity and frequency of nausea and vomiting. The effectiveness of interventions varies based on the type of therapy, duration of treatment, and patient characteristics, while a combination of physical and psychological interventions has shown better outcomes.
Conclusion: Overall, non-pharmacological interventions can be implemented in nursing practice to improve the quality of life of cancer patients.
Keywords: Cancer Patients; Nausea and Vomiting; Non-Pharmacological Interventions.
Pendahuluan: Pasien kanker sering mengalami mual dan muntah yang dapat disebabkan oleh proses penyakit, efek terapi, dan faktor psikologis. Kondisi ini dapat berdampak pada nutrisi pasien, kenyamanan, dan kualitas hidupnya. Intervensi farmakologi seringkali tidak sepenuhnya efektif, sehingga intervensi non-farmakologi mulai digunakan sebagai alternatif untuk membantu mengendalikan gejala.
Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui efektivitas intervensi non-farmakologi dalam mengurangi mual muntah pada pasien kanker.
Metode: Penelitian tinjauan sistematik yang disusun berdasarkan panduan PRISMA. Literatur diperoleh dari tiga database, yaitu PubMed, Scopus, dan Science Direct dengan kriteria inklusi artikel full-text, berbahasa inggris, terbit 10 tahun terakhir (2015-2025), dan menggunakan desain kuantitatif (RCT dan Quasi-experiment). Dari total 263,189 artikel yang ditemukan, 12 artikel memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan dianalisis.
Hasil: Intervensi non-farmakologi seperti yoga, teknik relaksasi Benson, akupresur, pijat refleksi, aromaterapi peppermint, dan Citrus aurantium serta suplemen herbal jahe efektif menurunkan intensitas dan frekuensi mual serta muntah. Efektivitas intervensi bervariasi berdasarkan jenis terapi, lama pelaksanaan, dan karakteristik pasien, sementara kombinasi intervensi fisik dan psikologis menunjukkan hasil yang lebih baik.
Simpulan: Secara keseluruhan, intervensi non-farmakologi dapat diterapkan dalam praktik keperawatan untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup pasien kanker.
Kata Kunci: Intervensi Non-Farmakologi; Mual Muntah; Pasien Kanker.
Downloads
References
American Cancer Society. (2024). Nausea and vomiting. Diakses dari: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/side-effects/eating-problems/nausea-and-vomiting/what-is-it.html
Anestin, A. S., Dupuis, G., Lanctôt, D., & Bali, M. (2017). The effects of the bali yoga program for breast cancer patients on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: results of a partially randomized and blinded controlled trial. Journal of evidence-based complementary & alternative medicine, 22(4), 721-730.
Arbabi, Z., Taghadosi, M., Gilasi, H., & Nasiri, S. (2025). Comparison of the Effects of Acupressure Points K-K9 and P6 on Nausea and Vomiting in Chemotherapy Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Nursing & Midwifery Sciences, 12(1).
Blockhuys, S., & Stafshede, P. W. (2024). Yoga als Komplementärtherapie für Krebspatienten: Von klinischen Beobachtungen bis zu biochemischen Mechanismen. Complementary medicine research, 31(5), 403-415.
Bossi, P., Cortinovis, D., Fatigoni, S., Rocca, M. C., Fabi, A., Seminara, P., & Roila, F. (2017). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study of a ginger extract in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) in patients receiving high-dose cisplatin. Annals of Oncology, 28(10), 2547-2551.
Bray, F., Laversanne, M., Sung, H., Ferlay, J., Siegel, R. L., Soerjomataram, I., & Jemal, A. (2024). Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, 74(3), 229-263.
Crichton, M., Marshall, S., Isenring, E., Lohning, A., McCarthy, A. L., Molassiotis, A., & Marx, W. (2024). Effect of a standardized ginger root powder regimen on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 124(3), 313-330.
Ertürk, N. E., & Taşcı, S. (2021). The effects of peppermint oil on nausea, vomiting and retching in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: An open label quasi–randomized controlled pilot study. Complementary therapies in medicine, 56, 102587.
Gayatri, D., Besral, B., & Nurachmah, E. (2003). Peluang ketahanan hidup 5 tahun pasien kanker serviks di RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo dan RSK Dharmais, Jakarta, 2002. Jurnal Keperawatan Indonesia, 7(1), 17-21.
Harahap, N., & Maria, R. (2022). Efek Minyak Pappermint Pada Mual Dan Muntah Akibat Kemoterapi. Journal Ilmiah Kesehatan Pencerah, 11(1), 43-50.
International Agency for Research on Cancer. (2022). Statistics at a glance, 2022. Diakses dari: https://gco.iarc.who.int/media/globocan/factsheets/populations/360-indonesia-fact-sheet.pdf
Issac, A., Nayak, S. G., Halemani, K., Mishra, P., & Chand, G. (2024). Acupressure on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting among breast cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention: APJCP, 25(10), 3421.
Kazemi, A., Iraji, A., Esmaealzadeh, N., Salehi, M., & Hashempur, M. H. (2025). Peppermint and menthol: a review on their biochemistry, pharmacological activities, clinical applications, and safety considerations. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 65(8), 1553-1578.
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2025). Kasus kanker diprediksi meningkat 70 persen pada 2050. Diakses dari: https://kemkes.go.id/id/kasus-kanker-diprediksi-meningkat-70-persen-pada-2050-kemenkes-perkuat-deteksi-dini
Kothari, T. O., Jakhar, S. L., Bothra, D., Sharma, N., Kumar, H. S., & Baradia, M. R. (2019). Prospective randomized trial of standard antiemetic therapy with yoga versus standard antiemetic therapy alone for highly emetogenic chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in South Asian population. Journal of cancer research and therapeutics, 15(5), 1120-1123.
Li, K., Cai, Y., Xie, S., Zhou, Y., Dong, J., Zhu, Q., & Qiu, X. (2022). Evidence Summary for Nonpharmacological Management of Chemotherapy‐Induced Nausea and Vomiting. BioMed research international, 2022(1), 4741193.
Moradi, Y., Jafarizadeh, H., Asghari, R., Mirzamohammadi, O., & Alinejad, V. (2023). Single and combined use of Benson relaxation technique and oxygen therapy on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in gastric cancer patients. EXPLORE, 19(4), 587-593.
Namazinia, M., Mazlum, S. R., Mohajer, S., Abdullah, K. L., & Salehian, M. (2024). A structured laughter yoga therapy program on patients with chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: A randomized clinical trial. Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing, 11(1), 100337.
National Cancer Institute. (2025). Nausea and vomiting and cancer treatment. Diakses dari: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects/nausea-vomiting
Özdelikara, A., & Tan, M. (2017). The effect of reflexology on chemotherapy-induced nausea, vomiting, and fatigue in breast cancer patients. Asia-Pacific journal of oncology nursing, 4(3), 241-249.
Peoples, A. R., Culakova, E., Heckler, C. E., Shayne, M., O’Connor, T. L., Kirshner, J. J., & Roscoe, J. A. (2019). Positive effects of acupressure bands combined with relaxation music/instructions on patients most at risk for chemotherapy-induced nausea. Supportive Care in Cancer, 27(12), 4597-4605.
Purba, V., Waluyo, A., Allenidekania, A., & Gayatri, D. (2024). Terapi Komplementer untuk Mengurangi Mual Muntah pada Pasien Kanker Payudara. Jurnal Penelitian Kesehatan" SUARA FORIKES"(Journal of Health Research" Forikes Voice"), 15(2), 328-334.
Ropyanto, C. B., Kusumaningrum, N. S. D., & Hidayati, W. (2019). Effects of Benson’s relaxation technique on nausea in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis. KnE Life Sciences, 510-519.
Sanaati, F., Najafi, S., Kashaninia, Z., & Sadeghi, M. (2016). Effect of ginger and chamomile on nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy in Iranian women with breast cancer. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 17(8), 4125-4129.
Shin, N., & Park, J. (2018). Effect of auricular acupressure on nausea, vomiting, and retching in patients with colorectal cancer receiving chemotherapy. 성인간호학회지, 30(3), 227-234.
Syarif, H., Nurachmah, E., & Gayatri, D. (2011). Terapi Akupresur dapat menurunkan keluhan mual muntah akut akibat kemoterapi pada pasien kanker: Randomized Clinical Trial. Jurnal Keperawatan Indonesia, 14(2), 133-140.
Tabei, P., Molazem, Z., Rivaz, M., Maghami, P. G., & Ahmadloo, N. (2025). The effect of Citrus aurantium inhalation aromatherapy on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in breast cancer patients: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 25(1), 1-11.
Tayarani-Najaran, Z., Talasaz-Firoozi, E., Nasiri, R., Jalali, N., & Hassanzadeh, M. K. (2013). Antiemetic activity of volatile oil from Mentha spicata and Mentha× piperita in chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. ecancermedicalscience, 7, 290.
Wahyuningsih, S., Afiyanti, Y., Waluyo, A., & I Fitch, M. (2023). Non-pharmacological management of nausea and vomiting in cancer: a scoping review.
Wang, Y., Wang, F., Hu, F., & Long, F. (2025). Effect of non-pharmacological interventions on chemotherapy induced delayed nausea and vomiting for tumors: A systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. Complementary therapies in medicine, 103124.
Zhao, H., Ren, S., Yang, H., Tang, S., Guo, C., Liu, M., & Xu, H. (2022). Peppermint essential oil: Its phytochemistry, biological activity, pharmacological effect and application. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy, 154, 113559.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Holistik Jurnal Kesehatan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
