Praktik pencegahan dan efektivitas vaksinasi influenza terhadap penyakit pernapasan pada jemaah haji: A systematic literature review
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33024/hjk.v20i1.1779
Influenza Jemaah Haji Penyakit Pernapasan Vaksinasi
Abstract
Background: Respiratory diseases such as influenza and pneumonia are the leading causes of illness among Hajj pilgrims each year. This is due to the high density of pilgrims and inter-country mobility. Preventive measures such as influenza vaccination and good hygiene practices have been recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. However, in reality, not all Hajj pilgrims receive the vaccine and consistently practice preventive behaviors, resulting in suboptimal prevention outcomes.
Purpose: To identify respiratory disease prevention practices and the effectiveness of influenza vaccination among Hajj pilgrims.
Method: This was a systematic literature review (SLR) based on PRISMA guidelines, using data sources from PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. Articles meeting the inclusion criteria (2013–2024) were analyzed using a thematic synthesis approach and narrative summary. Of the 150 articles screened, 35 studies were eligible for further analysis, and 10 were selected for review.
Results: The combination of influenza vaccination, mask use, handwashing, and health education can reduce the incidence of respiratory infections by 40–60%. Factors contributing to this include social support, behavior, and policies.
Conclusion: Preventing respiratory diseases among Hajj pilgrims requires a multilevel approach that integrates medical and sociocultural interventions.
Suggestion: Future researchers are encouraged to develop epidemiological data-driven predictive models to estimate potential respiratory disease outbreaks during the next Hajj season, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of digital technology-based interventions, such as through pilgrim health apps.
Keywords: Hajj Pilgrims; Influenza; Respiratory Diseases; Vaccination.
Pendahuluan: Penyakit pernapasan seperti influenza dan pneumonia menjadi salah satu penyebab utama banyaknya jemaah haji yang jatuh sakit setiap tahun. Kondisi ini terjadi akibat tingginya tingkat kepadatan jemaah dan mobilitas antarnegara. Upaya pencegahan melalui vaksinasi influenza dan penerapan perilaku higienis telah direkomendasikan oleh World Health Organization (WHO) dan Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Namun, pada kenyataannya tidak semua jemaah haji mendapatkan vaksin dan menerapkan perilaku pencegahan secara konsisten, sehingga hasil pencegahannya belum optimal.
Tujuan: Untuk mengidentifikasi praktik pencegahan penyakit pernapasan dan efektivitas vaksinasi influenza pada jemaah haji.
Metode: Penelitian systematic literature review (SLR) berdasarkan pedoman PRISMA dengan sumber data dari PubMed, Scopus, dan ScienceDirect. Artikel yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi (periode 2013–2024) dianalisis menggunakan pendekatan thematic synthesis dan narrative summary. Dari 150 artikel yang disaring, 35 studi memenuhi syarat untuk dianalisis lebih lanjut dan didapatkan 10 artikel yang di review.
Hasil: Kombinasi vaksinasi influenza, penggunaan masker, cuci tangan, serta edukasi kesehatan mampu menurunkan insiden infeksi pernapasan hingga 40–60%. Adapun faktor yang menyebabkan hal tersebut disebabkan oleh faktor sosial, perilaku, dan dukungan kebijakan.
Simpulan: Pencegahan penyakit pernapasan pada jemaah haji membutuhkan pendekatan multilevel yang mengintegrasikan intervensi medis dan sosial budaya.
Saran: Bagi peneliti selanjutnya, disarankan mengembangkan model prediksi berbasis data epidemiologi untuk memperkirakan potensi wabah pernapasan di musim haji berikutnya, serta mengevaluasi efektivitas intervensi berbasis teknologi digital, misalnya melalui aplikasi kesehatan jemaah.
Kata Kunci: Influenza; Jemaah Haji; Penyakit Pernapasan; Vaksinasi.
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