Identifikasi gejala, faktor risiko, dan pola paparan suhu rendah terhadap alergi dingin pada masyarakat tropis
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33024/hjk.v19i6.1306
Alergi Dingin Gejala Masyarakat Tropis Paparan Suhu Rendah
Abstract
Background: Cold allergy, or cold urticaria, is commonly reported in subtropical countries during extreme winter seasons. However, in tropical areas such as Indonesia, with increasing climate variability, there is a rising tendency of cold allergy symptoms in highland regions. The lack of adaptation to low temperatures in tropical populations may result in immunological hypersensitivity responses.
Purpose: To identify symptoms, risk factors, and patterns of low temperature exposure to cold allergy in tropical communities.
Method: This study used a cross-sectional design involving 200 respondents from Trawas, Prigen, and Pandaan. Cold exposure was assessed through questionnaires, categorized as high or low exposure. The dominant allergic symptoms, risk factors, and cold exposure patterns were identified. Chi-Square analysis tested the association between location and cold exposure, while Spearman correlation examined the relationship between exposure level and number of symptoms.
Results: Chi-Square test showed a significant association between location and cold exposure (p = 0.0125), while Spearman correlation showed a moderate positive correlation between cold exposure and number of symptoms (ρ = 0.421; p = 0.0031). Trawas showed the highest rate of cold exposure with dominant symptoms being urticaria and itching, while Prigen showed prolonged exposure and symptoms like rash due to high humidity.
Conclusion: There is a significant association between location and level of cold exposure, and a moderate positive correlation between cold exposure and number of allergic symptoms. Cold allergy is present even in tropical climates, especially in highland areas, indicating the need for clinical attention and climate-adaptive public health strategies.
Suggestion: Further research should be conducted by adding more specific environmental variables such as air humidity, actual temperature in objective units, and the level of chronic exposure to low temperatures.
Keywords: Cold Allergy; Exposure to Low Temperatures; Symptoms; Tropical Communities.
Pendahuluan: Alergi dingin atau urtikaria dingin umumnya terjadi di negara subtropis saat musim dingin ekstrem. Namun, di wilayah tropis seperti Indonesia, khususnya daerah dataran tinggi, fluktuasi suhu akibat perubahan iklim mulai memicu peningkatan kasus alergi dingin. Kurangnya adaptasi tubuh terhadap suhu rendah dapat menimbulkan reaksi imun berupa hipersensitivitas.
Tujuan: Untuk mengidentifikasi gejala, faktor risiko, dan pola paparan suhu rendah terhadap alergi dingin pada masyarakat tropis.
Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan desain cross-sectional, melibatkan 200 responden dari Trawas, Prigen, dan Pandaan. Data dikumpulkan melalui kuesioner yang mencakup tingkat paparan suhu, jumlah gejala alergi, dan lokasi tempat tinggal. Uji Chi-Square digunakan untuk menguji hubungan antar variabel kategori, sedangkan uji Spearman digunakan untuk melihat korelasi antara paparan dan gejala.
Hasil: Uji Chi-Square menunjukkan hubungan signifikan antara lokasi dan paparan suhu dingin (p = 0.0125). Uji Spearman menunjukkan korelasi positif sedang antara tingkat paparan suhu dan jumlah gejala alergi (ρ = 0.421; p = 0.0031). Trawas memiliki tingkat paparan tertinggi dengan gejala dominan berupa gatal dan biduran, sedangkan Prigen menunjukkan paparan dingin berkepanjangan dengan gejala berupa ruam karena kelembaban tinggi.
Simpulan: Terdapat hubungan signifikan antara lokasi dan tingkat paparan suhu dingin, serta korelasi positif sedang antara paparan dan gejala alergi. Fenomena alergi dingin dapat terjadi pada masyarakat tropis, terutama di dataran tinggi, sehingga diperlukan perhatian klinis dan strategi kesehatan berbasis adaptasi iklim.
Saran: Penelitian lanjutan sebaiknya dilakukan dengan menambahkan variabel lingkungan yang lebih spesifik seperti kelembaban udara, suhu aktual dalam satuan objektif, serta tingkat paparan kronis terhadap suhu rendah.
Kata Kunci: Alergi Dingin; Gejala; Masyarakat Tropis; Paparan Suhu Rendah.
Downloads
References
Abajian, M., Schoepke, N., Altrichter, S., Zuberbier, T., & Maurer, M. (2014). Physical urticarias and cholinergic urticaria. Immunology and Allergy Clinics, 34(1), 73-88.
Chen, Y., Kong, D., Fu, J., Zhang, Y., Zhao, Y., Liu, Y., & Fan, Z. (2021). Increased hospital admissions for asthma from short-term exposure to cold spells in Beijing, China. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 238, 113839.
Cheng, W., Pan, C., Xu, Q., Li, J., Wang, X., Wang, Y., & Li, C. (2025). Spongiotic Psoriasiform Dermatitis with Dual Features of Eczema and Psoriasis: JAK Inhibition as a Potential Therapeutic Option. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, llaf336.
Dursun, A. B., Aksu, F., Bayiz, H., & Aksu, K. (2020). Üçüncü Basamak Sağlik Çalişanlarinda Mesleksel Rinit Ve Astim Sorgulamasi Ocupational Asthma and Rhinitis Among Health Care Workers in Tertiary Health Care Centers.
Endaryanto, A. (2021). Memahami dan mengurai kompleksitas manajemen alergi pada anak Indonesia. Airlangga University Press.
Hashimoto, T., & Yosipovitch, G. (2019). Itching as a systemic disease. Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 144(2), 375-380.
Hsieh, C. C., Ng, Y. Y., Li, W. S., Tzeng, C. Y., Hsu, T. Y., Huang, W. H., & Tsai, J. C. (2022). Ameliorative effect of imperatorin on Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus-induced allergic asthma by suppressing the Th2 response in mice. Molecules, 27(20), 7028.
Kim, M. K., Kim, J. Y., Choi, H. G., Ahn, J., Jeong, H. I., Seo, H. S., & Choi, Y. M. (2022). A case on combined Korean medicine of adult chronic urticaria with papular form. The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology & Otolaryngology & Dermatology, 35(4), 200-208.
Kim, B. K., Kim, J. Y., Kang, M. K., Yang, M. S., Park, H. W., Min, K. U., & Kang, H. R. (2016). Allergies are still on the rise? A 6-year nationwide population-based study in Korea. Allergology International, 65(2), 186-191.
Koskela, H. O., Lätti, A. M., & Pekkanen, J. (2019). Subfreezing air as a cough trigger and multiple triggers are strongly associated with the presence of asthma in chronic cough. Respiratory Medicine, 153, 26-30.
Kowalski, K., Senf, C., Hostert, P., & Pflugmacher, D. (2020). Characterizing spring phenology of temperate broadleaf forests using Landsat and Sentinel-2 time series. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 92, 102172.
Lee, J. H., Lee, Y., Lee, S. Y., Van Bever, H., Lou, H., Zhang, L., & Park, H. S. (2020). Management of allergic patients during the COVID-19 pandemic in Asia. Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research, 12(5), 783.
Lim, C. H., Lim, B. S., Kim, A. R., Kim, D. U., Seol, J. W., Pi, J. H., & Lee, C. S. (2022). Climate change adaptation through ecological restoration. In Natural resources conservation and advances for sustainability (pp. 151-172). Elsevier.
Moingeon, P. (2016). Biomarkers for allergen immunotherapy: a “panoromic” view. Immunology and Allergy Clinics, 36(1), 161-179.
Nakatsuji, T., Cheng, J. Y., & Gallo, R. L. (2021). Mechanisms for control of skin immune function by the microbiome. Current Opinion in Immunology, 72, 324-330.
Nguyen, M. N., Krutz, N. L., Limviphuvadh, V., Lopata, A. L., Gerberick, G. F., & Maurer-Stroh, S. (2022). AllerCatPro 2.0: a web server for predicting protein allergenicity potential. Nucleic Acids Research, 50(W1), W36-W43.
Nugroho, A. W., & Wahyuni, R. (2022). Laporan kasus urtikaria dingin pada wanita dewasa di Surabaya. Jurnal Kedokteran Tropis, 10(1), 51–55.
Patel, A., Burns, E., & Burkemper, N. M. (2018). Methotrexate use in allergic contact dermatitis: a retrospective study. Contact Dermatitis, 78(3), 194-198.
Rini, R.A. P., & Jinata, W. (2022). Reaksi alergi paling sering dialami orang Indonesia, ketahui penanganannya. Diakses dari: https://www.tribunnews.com/kesehatan/2022/10/06/reaksi-alergi-paling-sering-dialami-orang-indonesia-ketahui-penanganannya
Seo, J. H., & Kwon, J. W. (2018). Epidemiology of urticaria including physical urticaria and angioedema in Korea. The Korean journal of internal medicine, 34(2), 418.
Traidl-Hoffmann, C., Zuberbier, T., & Werfel, T. (2021). Allergic diseases–From basic mechanisms to comprehensive management and prevention (Vol. 268). Springer Nature.
Weller, R. S., Daanen, H. A., McClintock, R. J., Roberts, N. A., Dunn, T. L., & Jones, D. M. (2024). Cold-induced vasodilation during sequential immersions of the hand. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 124(3), 775-781.
Wong, M. M., & Keith, P. K. (2020). Presence of positive skin prick tests to inhalant allergens and markers of T2 inflammation in subjects with chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU): a systematic literature review. Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology, 16(1), 72.
Zuberbier, T., Aberer, W., Asero, R., Abdul Latiff, A. H., Baker, D., Ballmer‐Weber, B., & Maurer, M. (2018). The EAACI/GA²LEN/EDF/WAO guideline for the definition, classification, diagnosis and management of urticaria. Allergy, 73(7), 1393-1414.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Holistik Jurnal Kesehatan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
