Efektivitas program latihan fisik terstruktur dalam meningkatkan kualitas hidup pasien tuberkulosis: A systematic review
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33024/hjk.v19i4.1012
Kualitas Hidup ; Latihan Fisik Terstruktur Pasien Tuberculosis
Abstract
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the biggest health problems in society. TB is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and most often attacks the lungs. TB is transmitted through the air, when someone with pulmonary TB coughs, sneezes, or spits. A person only needs to inhale a few germs to become infected. Each year, 10 million people are infected with TB. Although the disease is preventable and curable, 1.5 million people die from TB each year, making it the world's biggest infectious killer.
Purpose: To determine the effectiveness of the structured physical exercise program in improving the quality of life of tuberculosis patients.
Method: Literature search in several databases Science Direct, Proquest, Scopus, and francis & taylor. The articles used are the results of research published between 2020 - 2024 with the search technique using the PRISMA method.
Results: This review highlights the importance of a planned and targeted physiotherapy protocol in supporting the recovery of tuberculosis patients. Protocols that include breathing exercises, muscle strengthening, mobility, and patient education have shown effectiveness in reducing physical symptoms, increasing functional capacity, and improving quality of life. Evidence-based physiotherapy protocols show that a structured, targeted, and patient-tailored approach is very effective in accelerating physical and psychosocial recovery in tuberculosis patients. This systematic review also underlines the need for comprehensive management to ensure long-term recovery and improved quality of life.
Conclusion: Evidence-based physiotherapy protocols show that a structured, targeted, and patient-tailored approach is very effective in accelerating physical and psychosocial recovery in tuberculosis patients.
Suggestion: Hospital-based or community-based pulmonary rehabilitation programs need to be improved, especially in areas with high tuberculosis prevalence, by conducting professional training for health workers, especially on specific protocols for tuberculosis patients to ensure high quality of care.
Keywords: Quality of Life; Structured Physical Exercise; Tuberculosis Patients.
Pendahuluan: Tuberculosis (TB) masih menjadi salah satu masalah kesehatan terbesar di masyarakat. TB atau TBC disebabkan oleh bakteri (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) dan paling sering menyerang paru-paru. TBC menular melalui udara, ketika penderita TBC paru-paru batuk, bersin, atau meludah. Seseorang hanya perlu menghirup sedikit kuman untuk terinfeksi. Setiap tahunnya, 10 juta orang terjangkit TB. Meskipun penyakit ini dapat dicegah dan disembuhkan, 1.5 juta orang meninggal karena TBC setiap tahunnya, menjadikannya penyakit menular pembunuh terbesar di dunia.
Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui efektivitas program latihan fisik terstruktur dalam meningkatkan kualitas hidup pasien dengan tuberkulosis.
Metode: Penelusuran literatur pada beberapa database Science Direct, Proquest, Scopus, dan francis & taylor. Artikel yang digunakan adalah hasil penelitian yang terbit antara tahun 2020 – 2024 dengan teknik pencarian menggunakan metode PRISMA.
Hasil: Tinjauan ini menyoroti pentingnya protokol fisioterapi yang terencana dan terfokus dalam mendukung pemulihan pasien dengan tuberkulosis. Protokol yang mencakup latihan pernapasan, penguatan otot, mobilitas, dan edukasi pasien menunjukkan efektivitas dalam mengurangi gejala fisik, meningkatkan kapasitas fungsional dan meningkatkan kualitas hidup. Protokol fisioterapi berbasis bukti menunjukkan bahwa pendekatan yang terstruktur, terarah, dan disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan pasien sangat efektif dalam mempercepat pemulihan fisik dan psikososial pasien tuberkulosis. Systematic review ini juga menggaris bawahi perlunya pengelolaan yang komprehensif untuk memastikan pemulihan jangka panjang dan peningkatan kualitas hidup.
Simpulan: Protokol fisioterapi berbasis bukti menunjukkan bahwa pendekatan yang terstruktur, terarah, dan disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan pasien sangat efektif dalam mempercepat pemulihan fisik dan psikososial pasien tuberkulosis.
Saran: Program rehabilitasi pulmoner berbasis rumah sakit atau komunitas harus ditingkatkan, khususnya di daerah dengan prevalensi tinggi tuberculosis, melakukan pelatihan profesional kesehatan terhadap tenaga kesehatan terlebih tentang protokol khusus untuk pasien dengan tuberkulosis guna memastikan pelayanan berkualitas tinggi.
Kata Kunci: Kualitas Hidup; Latihan Fisik Terstruktur; Pasien Tuberculosis.
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